Preparation of Standardized Powders of Cumin and Fenugreek Seeds by Cryogrinding Technology

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical odn Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Reserch Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)

2 Professional Doctorate in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical odn Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Reserch Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)

Abstract

In conventional grinders, the oxidation and heat lead to degradation of vitamins, enzymes, volatile components and many other active substances in the plant. While using cryogenic and an inert environment (such as liquid nitrogen) prevent deterioration of active substances and the produced powder does not suffer any alteration compared with the original plant in quality and quantity. In this research work, using a cryogenic grinding system designed in our lab, qualitative and quantitative comparative studies between cryogenic and conventional grinding systems using fenugreek and cumin seeds have been done. Some processing parameters such as feeding rate, liquid nitrogen flow, screw conveyor rotation speed, grinder speed and plant temperature at the end of the screw conveyor have been set to obtain the optimum production conditions. The results showed a higher quality of the products processed with the cryogrinding system (color, appearance, odor, particle size distribution and active substance amount). A complete listing of technical data such as production capacity, parameters of cryogrinding process, raw material feeding rate, and technical datasheets for each part of the cryogrinding system and product certificate of analysis are provided. An increase of 16.3% in the volatile oil and 7% in cuminaldehyde was observed for the cryogrinded relative to the normal grinded cumin seeds. Cryogrinding showed better performances for particle and distribution (50% of the total powder volume) size in comparison with conventional grinding (respectively 1/10 and 1/2 for cumin and fenugreek ground samples). Finally the cryogrinded powders were standardized according to the known pharmacopeia and food standards.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]       Pruthi, J. S. (1980). Spices and Condiments: Chemistry, Microbiology and Technology, 1st ed., Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 1-450.
[2]       Singh, K. K., Goswami, T. K. (1999). Design of a cryogenic grinding system for spices. J. Food Eng., 39, 359-368.
[3]       Jacob, S., Kasthurirengan, S., Karunanithi, R., Behera, U. (2000). Development of pilot plant for cryogrinding of spices: A method for quality improvement. Adv. Cryo. Eng., 45, 1731-1738.
[4]       a) Goswami, T. K., (2010). Role of Cryogenics in Food Processing and Preservation. Inter. J. Food Eng., 6, 1, Article 2 (DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1771). b) Balasubramanian, S., Gupta, M. K., Singh, K. K. (2012). Cryogenics and its Application with Reference to Spice Grinding: A Review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci., 52, 781-794.
[5]     Pruthi, J. S. (1990). Other Quick Food Freezing Technologies, in: Quick Freezing Preservation of Foods: Foods of plant origin, Vol. 2, Foods of Plant Origin, 1st ed., Allied Pub. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 206-241.
[6]     Li, S., Ge, S., Huang, Z., Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Pan, H. (1991). Cryogenic grinding technology for traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Cryogenics, 31(2), 136-137.
[7]       Pesek, C. A., Wilson, L. A., Hammond, E. G. (1985). Spice quality: Effect of cryogenic and ambient grinding on volatiles. J. Food Sci., 50, 599-601.
[8]     Pesek, C. A., Wilson, L. A. (1986). Spice quality: Effect of cryogenic and ambient grinding on color. J. Food Sci., 51, 1386-1388.
[9]       Singh, K. K., Goswami, T. K. (2000). Cryogenic grinding of cloves. J. Food Process. Pres., 24, 57-71.
[10]   Meghwal, M., Goswami, T. K. (2010). Cryogenic grinding of spices is a novel approach whereas ambient grinding needs improvement. Cont. J. Food Sci. Tech., 4, 24-37.
[11]   a) Frable, N. B. Cryogenic Comminution System. U.S. Patent 3771729, Nov. 13, 1973. b) Danioni, F. Comminuting Plant at Cryogenic Temperature. U.S. Patent 4073443, Feb. 14, 1978. c) Cook, J. L., Mitchell, R. H. Improvements in or Relating to Cryogenic Comminution. G.B. Patent 1501620, Feb. 22, 1978. d) Davis, R. B. Cryopulverizing Packed Bed Control System. U.S. Patent 4222527, Sep. 16, 1980. e) Shepherd, N. W., Hollely, D. J. E. Method and Apparatus for Cryogenic Grinding. G.B. Patent 2044126, Oct. 15, 1980. f) Hollely, D. J. E., Shepherd, N. W. Method and Apparatus for Cryogenic Grinding. U.S. Patent 4273294, Jun. 16, 1981. g) I. Plahuta, Method and Device for the Cryogenic Grinding of Bulk Material. W.O. Patent 2008/110517A1, Mar. 7, 2008.
[12]   Ghodki, B.M., Goswami, T.K. (2015), Optimization of Cryogenic Grinding Process for Cassia (Cinnamomum loureirii Nees L.). J. Food Process Eng. doi:10.1111/jfpe.12258.
[13]   Saxena, S.N., Sharma, Y.K., Rathore, S.S., Singh, K.K., Barnwal, P., Saxena, R., Upadhyaya, P., Anwer, M. M. (2015). Effect of cryogenic grinding on volatile oil, oleoresin content and antioxidant properties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes. J. Food Sci. Technol., 52(1), 568-573.
[14]   Murthy, C. T., Bhattacharya, S. (2008). Cryogenic grinding of black pepper. J. Food Eng., 85, 18-28.
[15]   Singh, K. K., Goswami, T. K. (1999). Studies on cryogenic grinding of cumin seeds. J. Food Process Eng., 22, 175-190.
[16]   Goswami, T. K., Singh, K. K. (2003). Role of feed rate and temperature in attrition grinding of cumin, J. Food Eng., 59, 285-290.
[17]   Saxena, R., Saxena, S. N., Barnwal, P., Rathore, S. S., Sharma, Y. K., Soni, A. (2012). Estimation of antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of cryo and conventionally ground seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Inter. J. Seed Spices, 2, 83-86.
[18]  بشیری صدر، ز.، محمودی نجفی، س. ح.، (1390) گزارش طرح پژوهشی "ساخت و نصب نمونه اولیه سامانه سرماسیاب جهت فراوری گیاهان دارویی"، کارفرما: معاونت علمی و فناوری ریاست جمهوری، مجری: سازمان پژوهش‏های علمی و صنعتی ایران، پژوهشکده فناوری‌های شیمیایی.
[19] بشیری صدر، ز.، محمودی نجفی، س. ح.، (1389) "دستگاه سرماسیاب جهت پودر کردن گیاهان"، اداره کل ثبت شرکت‏ها و مالکیت صنعتی ایران، شماره ثبت 67257.
[20]  مؤسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران، استاندارد ملی ایران، شماره 1196، 1390. "ادویه و چاشنی- اندازه‏گیری مقدار رطوبت- روش بیرون راندن".
[21]  مؤسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران، استاندارد ملی ایران، شماره 1197، 1390. "ادویه و چاشنی- اندازه‏گیری خاکستر کل".
[22] British Pharmacopeia (BP), (2015). British Pharmacopoeia Commission, TSO Publisher (The Stationery Office), vol. IV.
[23] Food Chemicals Codex (FCC9), (2014). The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 9th ed., Deutscher Apotheker Verlag.
[24] Sharma, L. K., Agarwal, D., Sharma, Y., Rathore S. S., Saxena S. N. (2014). Cryogenic grinding technology enhances volatile oil, oleoresin and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Inter. J. Seed Spices, 4, 68-72.
[25] Sharma, L.K., Agarwal, D., S.K. Malhotra, Rathore S.S., Saxena S.N. (2016). Effect of cryogenic grinding on volatile and fatty oil constituents of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) genotypes. J. Food Sci. Technol., 53(6), 2827-2834.
[26]  Meghwal, M., Goswami, T.K. (2013). Evaluation of size reduction and power requirement in ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek powder. Adv. Powder Tech., 24, 427-435.
[27] Barnwal, P., Singh, K.K., Mohite, A., Sharma, A., Saxena, S.N. (2015). Influence of Cryogenic and Ambient Grinding on Grinding Characteristics of Fenugreek Powder: A Comparative Study. J. Food Process. Pres., 39, 1243-1250.
[28]  Meghwal, M., Goswami, T.K. (2014). Comparative study on ambient and cryogenic grinding of fenugreek and black pepper seeds using rotor, ball, hammer and Pin mill. Powder Technol., 267, 245–255
[29] وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، اداره کل نظارت بر امور دارو و غذا، فارماکوپه گیاهان دارویی ایران، 1381.