Screening of heating methods and optimization of consumption amounts for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mulberry leaf extract

Rahmani-Chiyane, Farhad; Ahmadi, Omid

doi:10.22104/ift.2026.8000.2252

Screening of heating methods and optimization of consumption amounts for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mulberry leaf extract

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

² Chemical Engineering

10.22104/ift.2026.8000.2252

Abstract

Thermal methods for accelerating green synthesis of nanoparticles to reduce energy consumption and improve product efficiency are highly important. Silver nanoparticles, due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio and broad properties, are of great significance, and their green synthesis offers nanoparticles with suitable size, high surface stability, and low biological toxicity. In this study, mulberry leaf (Morus spp.) extract was used as the reducing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. After screening various heating methods, microwave irradiation was selected due to its high concentration (ppm 56) and smaller average particle size (nm 79) compared with other heating methods. Subsequently, an experimental design based on a response surface methodology was conducted over the extract concentration range (w/v) from 0.90 to 0.10 (interpreted as 0.09–0.10) and a silver nitrate solution volume range of 1 mM within 5–15 mL. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles proceeded under these conditions. Following optimization, results indicated that a leaf extract concentration of w/v 0.06 and a silver nitrate volume of approximately 11.69 mL were the most suitable for the synthesis process, yielding the highest nanoparticle concentration and the smallest average particle size, at around 62.42 ppm and 72 nm, respectively.

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