ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﭘﮋوهشهای ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ اﯾﺮان فناوری‌های جدید در صنعت غذا 2783-350X 13 3 2026 04 21 Green solvent-based extraction of Annona muricata L. (soursop) leaves: Influence on physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity Green solvent-based extraction of Annona muricata L. (soursop) leaves: Influence on physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity 223 233 1626 10.22104/ift.2025.8033.2257 FA Hasdian Mudin Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin Borneo Research on Algesia, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration (BRAIN) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Mohd Azrie Awang Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Muhammad Naufal Qaweim Rushdy Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Muhammad Daniel Eazzat Mohd Rosdan Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Aniza Saini Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Dwi Setijawati Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru, Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia Journal Article 2025 12 03 Annona muricata L. (soursop) leaves are recognised as valuable sources of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant potential, although conventional solvent extraction often provides limited selectivity and inadequate recovery of key bioactive constituents. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) represent a greener extraction alternative, yet their performance in recovering phenolics, flavonoids, rutin, and antioxidant components from A. muricata leaf extract (AMLE) remains insufficiently explored. This study evaluated four NADES formulations, namely choline chloride–lactic acid (ChCl–LA), citric acid–L-proline (CA–LP), betaine–lactic acid (B–LA), and choline chloride–glycerol (ChCl–G), in comparison with water using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Physicochemical properties of the solvents, including pH and viscosity, were determined prior to extraction to elucidate their influence on solvent–solute interactions and extraction behaviour. Extraction efficiency was assessed through rutin content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. All NADES systems exhibited acidic pH (1.80–4.97) and substantially higher viscosity than water, with ChCl–LA combining strong acidity and comparatively low viscosity, favourable for mass transfer. ChCl–LA demonstrated the strongest extraction of targeted bioactive constituents, achieving 164.16 ± 2.34 mg GAE/g TPC, 16.55 ± 0.52 mg QE/g TFC, 0.796 ± 0.023 mg/g rutin, and consistently high antioxidant activities across all assays. Correlation analysis indicated that FRAP activity was strongly associated with TPC, while DPPH and ABTS activities showed stronger associations with rutin and TFC, highlighting the contribution of different phenolic subclasses to antioxidant responses. The results demonstrate that solvent physicochemical properties, particularly acidity and viscosity, play a critical role in governing bioactive selectivity and antioxidant performance. ChCl–LA was identified as the most effective green solvent for producing antioxidant-rich AMLE suitable for development of functional foods and nutraceutical products. Annona muricata L. (soursop) leaves are recognised as valuable sources of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant potential, although conventional solvent extraction often provides limited selectivity and inadequate recovery of key bioactive constituents. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) represent a greener extraction alternative, yet their performance in recovering phenolics, flavonoids, rutin, and antioxidant components from A. muricata leaf extract (AMLE) remains insufficiently explored. This study evaluated four NADES formulations, namely choline chloride–lactic acid (ChCl–LA), citric acid–L-proline (CA–LP), betaine–lactic acid (B–LA), and choline chloride–glycerol (ChCl–G), in comparison with water using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Physicochemical properties of the solvents, including pH and viscosity, were determined prior to extraction to elucidate their influence on solvent–solute interactions and extraction behaviour. Extraction efficiency was assessed through rutin content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. All NADES systems exhibited acidic pH (1.80–4.97) and substantially higher viscosity than water, with ChCl–LA combining strong acidity and comparatively low viscosity, favourable for mass transfer. ChCl–LA demonstrated the strongest extraction of targeted bioactive constituents, achieving 164.16 ± 2.34 mg GAE/g TPC, 16.55 ± 0.52 mg QE/g TFC, 0.796 ± 0.023 mg/g rutin, and consistently high antioxidant activities across all assays. Correlation analysis indicated that FRAP activity was strongly associated with TPC, while DPPH and ABTS activities showed stronger associations with rutin and TFC, highlighting the contribution of different phenolic subclasses to antioxidant responses. The results demonstrate that solvent physicochemical properties, particularly acidity and viscosity, play a critical role in governing bioactive selectivity and antioxidant performance. ChCl–LA was identified as the most effective green solvent for producing antioxidant-rich AMLE suitable for development of functional foods and nutraceutical products. https://jift.irost.ir/article_1626_db381e2c18075a9aa8af18f6a05b30b4.pdf